AI is transforming both digital and physical work, but not in the same way. By comparing software engineering with aircraft maintenance, this article examines where human judgment, accountability, and consequence still matter—and how CCH uses material practice to cultivate those capacities in the age of AI.

Material resistance creates situations in which learners must observe, decide, revise, regulate, and recover. This Method Note examines how CCH interprets constraints as opportunities for judgment while distinguishing developmental observation from product evaluation.